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RefugeBuddhists take refuge in the Three Jewels or Triple Gem (also known as the "Three Refuges"). The Three Jewels are: The Buddha, the fully enlightened one The Dharma, the teachings expounded by the Buddha The Sangha, the monastic order of Buddhism that practice Dharmas. Refuge is common to all major schools of Buddhism. Pali texts employ the Brahmanical motif of a group of three refuges, as found in Rig Veda 9.97.47, Rig Veda 6.46.9 and Chandogya Upanishad 2.22.3-4.[1] The chant goes in the ancient Pali language goes:[2] Buddham saranam gacchami. I take refuge in the Buddha. Dhammam saranam gacchami. I take refuge in the Dharma. Sangham saranam gacchami. I take refuge in the Sangha. Faith Veneration of the Three Jewels, Chorasan, Gandhara, 2nd century AD, schist Ethnological Museum of Berlin. Faith is an important teaching element in both Theravada and Mahayana traditions. In contrast to perceived Western notions of faith, faith in Buddhism arises from accumulated experience and reasoning. In the Kalama Sutra, the Buddha explicitly argues against simply following authority or tradition, particularly those of religions contemporary to the Buddha's time.[3] There remains value for a degree of trusting confidence and belief in Buddhism, primarily in the spiritual attainment and salvation or enlightenment. Faith in Buddhism centres on belief in the Three Jewels. Precepts Lay followers often undertake five precepts in the same ceremony as they take the refuges.[4][5] Monks administer the precepts to the laypeople, which creates an additional psychological effect.[6] The five precepts are: to refrain from killing;[7][8][9] to refrain from stealing;[7][8][9] to refrain from lying;[7][8][9] to refrain from improper sexual conduct;[7][8][9] to refrain from consuming intoxicants.[7][8][9] In Early Buddhist Texts, the role of the five precepts gradually developed. First of all, the precepts were combined with a declaration of faith in the triple gem (the Buddha, his teaching and the monastic community). Next, the precepts developed to become the foundation of lay practice.[10] The precepts were seen as a preliminary condition for the higher development of the mind.[11] At a third stage in the texts, the precepts were actually mentioned together with the triple gem, as though they were part of it. Lastly, the precepts, together with the triple gem, became a required condition for the practice of Buddhism, as lay people had to undergo a formal initiation to become a member of the Buddhist religion.[12] When Buddhism spread to different places and people, the role of the precepts began to vary. In countries in which Buddhism was adopted as the main religion without much competition from other religious disciplines, such as Thailand, the relation between the initiation of a lay person and the five precepts has been virtually non-existent, and the taking of the precepts has become a sort of ritual cleansing ceremony. In such countries, people are presumed Buddhist from birth without much of an initiation. The precepts are often committed to by new followers as part of their installment, yet this is not very pronounced. However, in some countries like China, where Buddhism was not the only religion, the precepts became an ordination ceremony to initiate lay people into the Buddhist religion.[13] A layperson who upholds the precepts is described in the texts as a "jewel among laymen".[14] Three Roots Symbol of the Three Jewels In Tibetan Buddhism there are three refuge formulations, the Outer, Inner, and Secret forms of the Three Jewels. The 'Outer' form is the 'Triple Gem', (Sanskrit:triratna), the 'Inner' is the Three Roots and the 'Secret' form is the 'Three Bodies' or trikaya of a Buddha. These alternative refuge formulations are employed by those undertaking Deity Yoga and other tantric practices within the Tibetan Buddhist Vajrayana tradition as a means of recognizing Buddha Nature. Tibetan Buddhist Refuge Formulations Outer or 'Three Jewels' Buddha Dharma Sangha Inner or 'Three Roots' Lama (Guru) Yidam (Ista-devata) Khandroma (Dakini)[15] Secret or 'Trikaya' Dharmakaya Sambhogakaya Nirmanakaya Three Vajras Mind Speech Body seed syllable blue hum red ah white om Three refuge motivation levels are: 1) suffering rebirth's fear motivates with the idea of happiness, 2) knowing rebirth won t bring freedoms motivated by attaining nirvana, while 3) seeing others' suffering motivates establishing them all in Buddhahood.[16] Happiness is temporary, lifetimes are impermanent and ultimately refuge is taken until reaching unsurpassed awakening.[17][clarification needed] |